Drug of choices for flukes and roundworms infestations

********Flukes (trematodes)--> Drug of choice*************

Schistosoma haematobium(bilharziasis)
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke);opisthorchis species
Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
Fasciolopsis buski (large intestinal fluke)
Heterophyes heterophyes; Metagonimus yokogawai (small intestinal flukes)--- For all DOC is Praziquantel

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********Roundworms (nematodes)--> Drug of choice********

Taenia solium,Taenia saginata--> Praziquantel

Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)--> Albendazole or pyrantel
pamoate or mebendazole

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)-->Mebendazole or albendazole

Necator americanus (hookworm);
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm); Trichostrongylus species--->Pyrantel pamoate

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm);Onchocerca volvulus (onchocerciasis)--> Ivermectin

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)--> Mebendazole or pyrantel
pamoate

Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis)--> Mebendazole

Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)-->Albendazole or ivermectin

Visceral larva migrans; Capillaria philippinensis (intestinal
capillariasis)-->Albendazole

Angiostrongylus cantonensis -->Thiabendazole

Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis);
Brugia malayi (filariasis); tropical
eosinophilia; Loa loa (loiasis)--->Diethylcarbamazine

Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm)-->Metronidazole

Selected Examples of Human Chemical Carcinogenesis

BCME = Bis chloromethyl ether; HBV = hepatitis B virus; 4-ABP = 4-aminobiphenyl; ALL = acute lymphoblatic leukemia.

Best mnemonic for Biological transmission

"P"ropagative--> the agent merely "P"ropogates(multiplies) in vector, but no change in form eg: "P"lague

"C"yclo"P"ropagative--> the agent "C"hanges in form and "P"ropagates (e.g Malaria parasite in mosquito) "CPM"

"C"yclo-"D"evelopmental--> Agent undergoes only "D"evelopment but no multiplication eg. "D"racunculiasis, microfilariasis

Caroli's Syndrome:

Abnormal saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree,usually affecting the whole liver. Extrahepatic biliary tree is affected in one quarter of the patients.

Signs include recurrent cholangitis {fever,chills,pain(if gallstone present)}. Hepatic abcess may b also there.

Complications include hepatic stone and cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangitis may b treated with Antibiotics. Partial ressection and hepatic transplantation may b required.